creatinine is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-05-10. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Identity and purity are commonly assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography, often with ultraviolet detection, and by spectroscopic techniques such as infrared or nuclear magnetic resonance. These methods can distinguish creatine from creatinine and detect related impurities. Moisture content may be measured by Karl Fischer titration or loss on drying. Particle size, bulk density, and heavy metal limits are additional quality parameters. Not every product is tested by every method, so specifications depend on the intended use and regulatory framework.
Solid creatine monohydrate is generally stable when kept dry and protected from extremes of heat and humidity. In the presence of moisture, it can gradually convert to creatinine, a cyclic dehydration product that has little value for phosphocreatine synthesis. Elevated temperatures and acidic conditions accelerate this conversion in solution. Because the reaction is slow in cool, dry storage, typical shelf lives are measured in years rather than weeks. Packaging that limits moisture and oxygen exposure helps maintain purity.
Creatine monohydrate is sold as a dietary ingredient in some countries and as a food supplement in others. Regulatory frameworks vary, so purity limits, labeling rules, and permitted claims are not globally uniform. In the United States, it falls under dietary supplement rules, whereas the European Union treats it as a food supplement ingredient. Pharmacopeial monographs, where they exist, can provide public quality standards, but not every product is required to meet them. Questions about long-term effects and patterns of use remain areas of active study rather than settled regulatory findings.
Solid creatine monohydrate is generally stable when kept cool and dry, but it can hydrolyze to creatinine over time. Moisture, heat, and acidic conditions accelerate this conversion, which reduces assay values and changes the material's properties. Creatinine is a cyclic dehydration product that is also a normal human metabolite, so its presence in a sample is not necessarily a health concern by itself. In quality testing, creatinine is monitored as a marker of degradation and purity.
Identity and purity are assessed with several complementary methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate creatine from creatinine and related impurities, often with ultraviolet detection. Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy provide structural confirmation, while Karl Fischer titration measures water content. Elemental analysis and mass spectrometry may be used for additional confirmation, especially in research or forensic settings. No single method captures every quality attribute, so laboratories typically combine results and compare them against a specification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Typical storage temperature | 15–25 °C | Cool, dry, sealed conditions slow conversion to creatinine. |
| Moisture sensitivity | Moderate | Absorbs water from humid air, which can cause caking. |
| Primary purity method | HPLC-UV | Separates creatine from creatinine and related impurities. |
| Moisture method | Karl Fischer titration | Measures water content; loss on drying is an alternative. |
| Degradation product | Creatinine | Forms by dehydration, especially in solution or humid heat. |
Commercial creatine monohydrate is typically a white to off-white powder with low odor. It is commonly sold as a fine powder, micronized powder, or larger crystals, but these are physical forms of the same chemical. Purity grades vary, and products may contain small amounts of related substances such as creatinine, dicyandiamide, or moisture. The monohydrate is often selected for supplements and research because its production is well established and its behavior in water is predictable. Analytical certificates usually report assay, loss on drying, and heavy metals.
Creatine monohydrate is a crystalline compound formed from creatine and one water molecule in its solid lattice. Creatine itself is a nitrogen-containing organic acid involved in energy transfer in muscle and other tissues. The monohydrate form is the most common solid form used in research and commercial products because it is stable and easy to handle. The term "monohydrate" refers to the fixed one-to-one ratio of water to creatine in the crystal, not to moisture content. This distinction matters when comparing labels or calculating creatine content.
In chemical terms, creatine monohydrate is often described as N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine monohydrate, though nomenclature varies. Its solid state consists of zwitterionic creatine molecules linked with water through hydrogen bonding. The compound dissolves in water, but dissolution rate depends on particle size, temperature, and agitation. Once dissolved, the hydrate water becomes part of the solvent, leaving free creatine in solution. The monohydrate is not the same as creatine anhydrous, which lacks the water of crystallization and has a higher creatine fraction by mass.
=== Age of onset === The definition of the onset of puberty may depend on perspective (e.g., hormonal versus physical) and purpose (establishing population normal standards, clinical care of early or late pubescent individuals, etc.). A common definition for the onset of puberty is physical changes to a person's body. These physical changes are the first visible signs of neural, hormonal, and gonadal function changes. The age at which puberty begins varies between individuals; usually, puberty begins between 10 and 13 years of age. The age at which puberty begins is affected by both genetic factors and by environmental factors such as nutritional state and social circumstances. An example of social circumstances is the Vandenbergh effect; a juvenile female mouse who has significant interaction with adult male mice will enter puberty earlier than juvenile females who are not socially overexposed to adult males. The average age at which puberty begins may be affected by ethnicity as well. For example, the average age of menarche in various populations surveyed has ranged from 12 to 18 years. The earliest average onset of puberty is for African-American females and the latest average onset for high altitude subsistence populations in Asia. However, much of the higher age averages reflect nutritional limitations more than genetic differences and can change within a few generations with a substantial change in diet.
Hahn published his results in the Proceedings of the Royal Society on 24 May 1905. It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications in the field of radiochemistry. At the end of his time in London, Ramsay asked Hahn about his plans for the future, and Hahn told him about the job offer from Kalle & Co. Ramsay told him radiochemistry had a bright future, and that someone who had discovered a new radioactive element should go to the University of Berlin. Ramsay wrote to Emil Fischer, the head of the chemistry institute there, who replied that Hahn could work in his laboratory, but could not be a Privatdozent because radiochemistry was not taught there. At this point, Hahn decided that he first needed to know more about the subject, so he wrote to the leading expert on the field, Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford agreed to take Hahn on as an assistant, and Hahn's parents undertook to pay Hahn's expenses. From September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked with Rutherford's group in the basement of the Macdonald Physics Building at McGill University in Montreal. There was some scepticism about the existence of radiothorium, which Bertram Boltwood memorably described as a compound of thorium X and stupidity. Boltwood was soon convinced that it did exist, although he and Hahn differed on what its half-life was. William Henry Bragg and Richard Kleeman had noted that the alpha particles emitted from radioactive substances always had the same energy, providing a second way of identifying them, so Hahn set about measuring the alpha particle emissions of radiothorium.
The New Union Treaty (Russian: Новый союзный договор, romanized: Novyy soyuznyy dogovor) was a 1990 draft treaty that would have replaced the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to salvage and reform the USSR. The preparation of this treaty was known as the Novo-Ogaryovo process, named after Novo-Ogaryovo, a governmental estate where the work on the document was carried out and where Soviet President and CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev talked with leaders of Union republics. A ceremony of the Russian SFSR signing the treaty was scheduled for 20 August 1991, but was prevented by the August Coup. In its aftermath, the Soviet Union ultimately dissolved by December of the same year, and the Commonwealth of Independent States was set up in its place.
An exclusive license outside of South Korea and China with Sanofi for Hanmi's Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist drug candidates for diabetes; Sanofi paid $434 million upfront and up to $3.2 billion in milestones and royalties over 10%. The deal included efpeglenatide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; an insulin intended to be delivered once per week, and a fixed-dosed weekly GLP1-RA/insulin drug combination. An exclusive license outside of South Korea and China with the J&J subsidiary Janssen Pharmaceuticals for Hanmi's oxyntomodulin-analog metabolic disease programs, including HM12525A; J&J paid $105 million upfront and the deal included $810M in milestones and royalties higher than 10% An exclusive license in China with the Chinese company ZAI Labs for olmutinib. In April 2016 Hanmi announced that it had acquired land near Yantai in the Shandong province of China, where it would build a manufacturing plant and R&D facility; at that time it already had a facility in Beijing. In July Hanmi said it intended to invest more heavily in developing candidate substances of promising new drugs at an early stage in new pharmaceutical and biotech related fields, including through a venture capital firm set up by Sung-ki and colleagues. In May 2016 the Korean regulatory authority approved olmutinib as a second-line treatment for certain kinds of non-small cell lung cancer.
Cigarette smoking has been found to affect global epigenetic regulation of transcription across tissue types. Studies have shown differences in epigenetic markers such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression between smokers and non-smokers. Similar differences exist in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. These epigenetic effects are thought to be linked to many of negative health effects associated with smoking. Studies have shown an association between prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and conduct disorder in children. As well, postnatal tobacco smoke exposure may cause similar behavioral problems in children.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== 20 March === The European Union announced that it will be sending a million rounds of shells to Ukraine over the next 12 months. The United States approved a $350 million military aid package for Ukraine. The package includes ammunition for HIMARS rocket launchers, ammunition for Bradley Fighting Vehicles, HARM missiles, anti-tank weapons, riverine boats, and other equipment.
in light of background scientific knowledge, the antecedent plausibility of TT is sufficiently low that any methodological flaw in a study will always provide a more plausible explanation for any positive findings. Emily Rosa, at nine years of age, conceived and executed a study on therapeutic touch. With the help of Quackwatch's Stephen Barrett and the assistance of her mother, Linda Rosa, and her step-father, Larry Sarner, Emily became the youngest researcher to have a paper accepted by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), which debunked the claim of therapeutic touch practitioners that they can reliably sense a "Human Energy Field." Twenty-one practitioners of therapeutic touch participated in her study. The practitioners sat on one side of a cardboard screen, while Emily sat on the other. The practitioners then placed their hands through holes in the screen. Emily flipped a coin to determine which of each practitioner's hands she would place hers over (approximately 4-5 inches above the subject's hand). The practitioners then were to say where her hand was by sensing her biofield. Although all of the participants had asserted that they would be able to do this, the actual results did not support therapeutic touch's fundamental claim. The practitioners had succeeded in locating Emily's hand 44% of the time, a rate lower than, though within the range of, mere chance. The JAMA editor George D.
The band's second album, Darklands, was released during the tour, in September, described by writer Steve Taylor as "the definitive blend of light and shade". Featuring a more melodic sound, the album was recorded almost entirely by the Reids themselves, replacing live drums with a drum machine, and received overwhelmingly positive reviews by the British music press. The album's title track was released as a single in October, and the band were thrown off the ITV music show The Roxy when they failed to mime well enough to it. The band's dangerous reputation culminated at a gig at the RPM club in Toronto in November 1987, when after being heckled throughout the gig by a group in the audience, Jim Reid thrust his microphone stand towards them, hitting one on the head. Jim was arrested and spent a night in jail, before being bailed to return the following February. He was subsequently given an absolute discharge after agreeing to give around £500 to a Salvation Army charity and apologise to the complainant. With the court case hanging over the band, they compiled a collection of B-sides and rarities for release in April 1988 as Barbed Wire Kisses. They also selected live tracks from a Detroit concert the previous November for release while they planned further studio work. Dave Evans, former Mary Chain soundman and bass player with Biff Bang Pow! (which also featured Alan McGee and Dick Green of Creation Records) was recruited in September 1987 to replace Moore, who formed John Moore and the Expressway. Richard Thomas joined on drums in early 1988.
=== Winemaking === The content of glutathione in must, the first raw form of wine, determines the browning, or caramelizing effect, during the production of white wine by trapping the caffeoyltartaric acid quinones generated by enzymic oxidation as grape reaction product. Its concentration in wine can be determined by UPLC-MRM mass spectrometry.
== Results == The procedure results in a decrease in nearsightedness. According to the PERK study, 58% of eyes were corrected within 1.00D of goal 3 years after surgery. Additionally, 76% of eyes had uncorrected vision of 20/40 or better at 3 years. From 2 to 10 years post-operatively 43% of eyes had an increase in farsightedness by 1.00D or more. Despite this, 70% of patients reported not requiring corrective lenses for distance vision 10 years after surgery.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== How shocks and stresses affect agrifood systems ==== The same shock or stress may have different impacts across the different components of agrifood systems, depending on their characteristics, risk environments, and inherent vulnerabilities and capacities. For example, given its reliance on natural processes, the agriculture sector is disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to adverse climate-related events, especially droughts, floods and storms. Over half of all shocks to crop production are the result of extreme weather events, reinforcing concern about the vulnerability of arable systems to climatic and meteorological volatility. In aquatic systems, there are well-established linkages between harvesting of fish, ocean productivity and global meteorology. Global climate plays a major role in fluctuating fishery productivity. Because agrifood systems are dependent on agricultural and natural ecosystems and encompass numerous actors along several interlinked components – from production to consumption – a shock or stress, impacting on any component, will not only affect the actors in it but will spread throughout systems upstream or downstream, eventually impacting on many if not all other actors and components. Coping mechanisms and resilience to shocks and stressors are shaped by gender inequalities, and shocks and crises have a greater negative impact on women's livelihoods in agrifood systems than they do on men's.
=== Dry co-micronization === Dry co-micronization is a nanomilling approach in which the drug substance is milled in a dry state together with GRAS excipients in a single unit operation. The excipients form a protective dispersion matrix around the sub-micron drug particles, preventing the surface-energy-driven reaggregation that otherwise dominates dry submicron powders, and yielding a free-flowing powder that can be tableted or encapsulated without further drying or downstream processing. The most widely commercialized dry co-micronization platform is SoluMatrix Fine Particle Technology, developed by iCeutica and acquired in 2011 by Iroko Pharmaceuticals. The platform has been used to formulate three U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved low-dose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Zorvolex (diclofenac, approved October 2013), Tivorbex (indomethacin, approved February 2014), and Vivlodex (meloxicam, approved October 2015). Each product was approved at a total daily dose 20–35% below the equivalent conventionally-formulated NSAID, on the basis that the increased dissolution rate of sub-micron particles permits comparable analgesic efficacy at lower systemic exposure. Unlike wet media milling, dry co-micronization requires no aqueous suspension or downstream drying step, shortening the unit-operation chain at the cost of constraining the formulation to excipients compatible with high-energy dry impact.
Open, in this state the β-subunit has low affinity to ligands, releasing the previously synthesized ATP molecule. Loose, Binds ADP and Pi together loosely. Tight, Binds ADP and Pi so tightly that it catalyzes the condensation reaction to form ATP. This cycle is known as the binding change mechanism (coined by Paul D. Boyer), explaining the conversion of mechanical rotation to chemical energy. Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein, thermogenin—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix. Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler. This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production.
=== Denise Oldroyd === Denise Oldroyd (Fiona Button) is Yasmin's lawyer, and sister of her ex-boyfriend Seb. Denise represents Yasmin following the publication of her father's historic embezzlement from the family publishing company. She also has a brief affair with Eric that begins after he joins her and Yasmin on a cocaine bender. When Hanani Publishing decides to pay off Charles' various legal settlements in exchange for making Yasmin the face of the scandal, Denise encourages Yasmin to go along with the deal to protect the victims of Charles' sexual abuse, but Yasmin decides to fight her father's company in court.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Solid product can remain within specification for years when stored dry and sealed, but expiration dates reflect manufacturer testing and regulatory conventions. Moisture and heat increase conversion to creatinine, so storage conditions matter more than the printed date alone. Degradation is gradual and can be monitored by purity testing.
Purity is typically evaluated by chromatographic separation with ultraviolet detection, sometimes supported by spectroscopic identity tests. Moisture and creatinine content are common quality parameters. Results depend on the analytical method, sample preparation, and specification limits.
Clumping occurs when powder absorbs moisture, causing particles to stick together. Humidity, temperature changes, and repeated container opening promote this effect. Clumps do not necessarily indicate chemical degradation, but they can affect weighing and mixing.
A sealed container kept at room temperature and away from moisture is typical. Heat and humidity promote conversion to creatinine and can reduce assay values. Long-term storage under dry conditions helps maintain the original crystalline form.